Cost Modelling for Sensor Refresh Cycles Across a 20-Year Digital-Twin Roadmap: A Shanghai ChiMay Lifecycle Framework
Why the Refresh Cycle Deserves Explicit Modelling Water utilities and industrial water managers have historically treated instrumentation as a maintenance line item. Under a digital twin, that treatment is no longer safe. The twin’s economic value depends on continuous, uninterrupted, and high-fidelity data. Any sensor cost that is under-provisioned in year 1 becomes an unplanned…