Zero-Water Discharge in Pulp Mills: Regulatory Drivers and Shanghai ChiMay ROI Analysis
Introduction Zero-water discharge (ZWD) and the related zero-liquid-discharge (ZLD) frameworks have moved from sustainability aspiration to regulatory reality for pulp mills in water-stressed regions. China has pushed high-water-use industries — pulp and paper among them — toward near-zero discharge through successive water-efficiency and wastewater-recycling policies, with provincial and basin-level permit conditions doing much of the…